Leveraging Photogrammetry for Pipeline Defect Assessment and Surface Feature Analysis
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Pipeline integrity management requires accurate and repeatable defect assessments to ensure the safety and reliability of critical infrastructure. Traditionally, methods like inline inspection (ILI), direct assessment, and visual inspections have been used to evaluate pipeline conditions. However, recent advancements in photogrammetry—a technique that converts high-resolution images into detailed 3D models—are providing new ways to analyze localized surface features and assess defects with greater precision.
This blog article explores how photogrammetry enhances defect assessment, how it compares to other scanning technologies, and how tools like Creaform HandySCAN and iPhone LiDAR can complement pipeline integrity management efforts.
3D photogrammetry model of a metal loss pitting cluster generated from iPhone 12 Pro photos.
Example 3D model of a pipe cutout, generated from iPhone 12 Pro photos.
Series of images used to create 3d file.
Photogrammetry for Localized Defect Assessment
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Photogrammetry uses multiple overlapping images taken from different angles to generate an accurate 3D model of an object or surface. When applied to pipeline integrity, this technology allows for precise measurement of external corrosion, dents, coating degradation, cracks, and deformation.
Key Applications in Pipeline Integrity:
1. Corrosion Assessment
Generate detailed 3D maps of corrosion pits.
Track corrosion growth over time with high repeatability.
Evaluate coating degradation and loss of protective barriers.
2. Dent and Mechanical Damage Evaluation
Measure dent depth, shape, and volume accurately.
Compare dent profiles over time to assess severity.
Assist with fitness-for-service (FFS) evaluations based on ASME B31G.
3. Surface Crack and Gouge Detection
Identify visible surface-breaking cracks and mechanical damage.
Combine with ultrasonic testing (UT) for subsurface crack detection.
Create digital records for regulatory reporting.
4. Pipeline Deformation and Ovality Analysis
Capture wrinkles, buckles, and ovalities caused by stress or ground movement.
Provide accurate shape deformation data for risk assessments.
5. As-Built Documentation and Digital Twin Creation
Store high-resolution 3D models for future reference.
Overlay photogrammetric scans with ILI data for comprehensive integrity analysis.
Comparison: Photogrammetry vs. Creaform HandySCAN vs. iPhone LiDAR
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While photogrammetry provides a cost-effective and scalable solution for defect assessment, it is not the only technology available. Other scanning methods, such as structured light scanning (e.g., Creaform HandySCAN 3D) and LiDAR (such as Apple’s iPhone LiDAR sensor), also play a role in pipeline inspections.
How These Technologies Compare:
| Feature | Photogrammetry (Camera/Drone) | Creaform HandySCAN 3D | iPhone LiDAR & Photogrammetry |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.1 mm – 1 mm (depends on image resolution, expect 1 mm - 5 mm initially) | 0.02 mm – 0.1 mm (very high precision) | ~5 mm (iPhone LiDAR), ~1 mm (iPhone photogrammetry apps) |
| Surface Detail | High (depends on camera resolution) | Extremely high, captures fine features like pits and scratches | Moderate (LiDAR lacks fine detail, photogrammetry improves it) |
| Depth Resolution | Limited to external features | Excellent (can measure precise geometries) | Limited to external surfaces |
| Scanning Method | Multiple images stitched into a 3D model | Laser triangulation with real-time 3D output | LiDAR depth mapping + photogrammetry |
| Best Used For | Large-area defect assessment (corrosion, dents, deformation) | High-precision defect measurement (corrosion pits, cracks, gouges, dents) | Quick, low-cost scanning for general surface mapping |
| Data Processing | Computationally intensive | Fast, real-time processing | Requires post-processing but faster than full photogrammetry |
| Portability | Requires camera/drone and software | Handheld but expensive | Extremely portable, built into the phone |
| Cost | Low-Medium (camera & software needed) | High ($30,000+ for industrial-grade units) | Low (included in high-end iPhones) |
When to Use Each Technology
Use Photogrammetry (Camera/Drone) when:
Assessing large surface areas for corrosion, dents, and general deformation.
Tracking defect growth over time for integrity management.
A cost-effective, moderate-accuracy 3D model is needed.
Use Creaform HandySCAN when:
High-precision defect measurements (corrosion pits, cracks, gouges, dents) are required.
Regulatory compliance and API 1163, ASME B31G defect assessment demand extreme accuracy.
Detailed fitness-for-service (FFS) evaluations are needed.
Use iPhone LiDAR & Photogrammetry when:
A quick, low-cost scan is needed for field documentation.
A portable, easy-to-use tool is required for preliminary surface inspections.
An initial assessment is needed before deploying high-end scanning tools.
Advantages and Limitations of Photogrammetry
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Advantages
✔ High Precision for Surface-Level Defects – Achieves sub-millimeter accuracy under optimal conditions, allowing for detailed defect measurements.
✔ Non-Contact and Non-Destructive – Minimizes safety risks while aligning with traditional non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods.
✔ Scalable for Large-Area Assessments – Suitable for long pipeline sections and ROW monitoring.
✔ Cost-Effective – More affordable than high-end laser scanners while still providing valuable insights.
✔ Regulatory Documentation & Digital Twins – Allows for compliance tracking and defect history comparison.
Limitations
❌ Cannot Detect Subsurface Defects – Requires supplementary NDE methods (e.g., ultrasonic testing) for internal assessments.
❌ Accuracy Limited by Image Quality – Poor lighting, camera resolution, or obstructions can affect results.
❌ Computationally Intensive – Requires powerful hardware for 3D model processing.
❌ Industry Adoption Still Growing – Not yet fully standardized for defect measurement compared to laser scanning.
Conclusion
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Photogrammetry is a powerful tool for pipeline integrity management, providing a non-destructive, scalable, and cost-effective way to assess corrosion, dents, coating degradation, and other surface defects. While it is not a replacement for high-precision tools like Creaform HandySCAN or subsurface inspections like UT or MFL, it serves as an excellent complementary technology that enhances defect tracking, regulatory compliance, and maintenance planning.
For operators looking to optimize their integrity management strategies, combining photogrammetry with structured light scanning (HandySCAN) and LiDAR-based field tools (iPhone Pro, drones, and portable scanners) can create a multi-layered approach to defect assessment.
Bibliography
API 1163: In-Line Inspection Systems Qualification Standard. American Petroleum Institute, 2013.
ASME B31G: Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012.
Creaform HandySCAN 3D Technical Specifications. Creaform, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.creaform3d.com
Kiefner, J. F., & Trench, C. J. (2001). Oil and Gas Pipeline Failure Investigation. ASME Press.
Apple Developer Documentation: USDZ & AR Quick Look. Apple Inc., 2023. [Online]. Available: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/arkit/usdz_file_format
Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI). Digital Technologies for Pipeline Integrity. PRCI, 2022.
Google Model Viewer Documentation. Google, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://modelviewer.dev/
3D Scanning Technologies: A Comparison. Engineering.com, 2023.
NACE SP0102-2010: Standard Practice – In-Line Inspection of Pipelines. NACE International, 2010.
ASTM E2544-11: Standard Guide for Image-Based 3D Surface Measurement Systems. ASTM International, 2011.
The information provided in this blog article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered as professional engineering advice, regulatory guidance, or a substitute for industry standards. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, Gustafson Integrity Services LLC makes no warranties, expressed or implied, regarding the completeness, reliability, or applicability of the content.
Pipeline integrity assessment methods, including photogrammetry, LiDAR, and structured light scanning, should be used in conjunction with industry-recognized standards such as API 1163, ASME B31G, and NACE SP0102-2010. Any decisions regarding pipeline maintenance, defect assessment, or regulatory compliance should be made by qualified professionals based on appropriate engineering evaluations and inspections.
Furthermore, external links and references to third-party products, software, or technologies (e.g., Creaform HandySCAN, Apple USDZ, Google Model Viewer) are provided for convenience and do not constitute endorsements. Readers should independently verify the suitability of any technology for their specific application.
By using this website and the information provided, you acknowledge that Gustafson Integrity Services LLC and its affiliates are not liable for any actions taken based on the content of this article. If you require professional pipeline integrity consulting or assessment services, please contact a qualified expert.
